Chicago (musical) – 1975
Chicago (1975) is an American musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb and a book by Ebb and Bob Fosse. Set in Prohibition-era Chicago, the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same name by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins about actual criminals and crimes she reported on. The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the “celebrity criminal.”
The original Broadway production opened in 1975 at the 46th Street Theatre and ran for 936 performances until 1977. Bob Fosse choreographed the original production, and his style is strongly identified with the show. Following a West End debut in 1979 which ran for 600 performances, Chicago was revived on Broadway in 1996, and a year later in the West End.
The Broadway revival holds the record as the longest-running musical revival and the longest-running American musical in Broadway history. It is the second longest-running show in Broadway history, behind only The Phantom of the Opera, having played its 7,486th performance on November 23, 2014, surpassing Cats. The West End revival ran for nearly 15 years, becoming the longest-running American musical in West End history, and it has enjoyed several tours and international productions. The Academy Award-winning 2002 film version of the musical was directed by Rob Marshall and starred Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Gere, John C. Reilly, and Queen Latifah.
The musical Chicago is based on a play of the same name by reporter and playwright Maurine Dallas Watkins, who was assigned to cover the 1924 trials of accused murderers Beulah Annan and Belva Gaertner for the Chicago Tribune. In the early 1920s, Chicago’s press and public became riveted by the subject of homicides committed by women. Several high-profile cases arose, which generally involved women killing their lovers or husbands. These cases were tried against a backdrop of changing views of women in the Jazz age, and a long string of acquittals by Cook County juries of women murderesses (jurors at the time were all men, and convicted murderers generally faced death by hanging). A lore arose that, in Chicago, feminine or attractive women could not be convicted. The Chicago Tribune generally took a pro-prosecution “hang-them-high” stance, while still presenting the details of these women’s lives. Its rivals at the Hearst papers were more pro-defendant, and employed what were derisively called “sob-sisters” – women reporters who focused on the plight, attractiveness, redemption, or grace of the women defendants. Regardless of stance, the press covered several of these women as celebrities.
Annan, the model for the character of Roxie Hart, was 23 when she was accused of the April 3, 1924, murder of Harry Kalstedt. The Tribune reported that Annan played the foxtrot record “Hula Lou” over and over for two hours before calling her husband to say she killed a man who “tried to make love to her”. She was found not guilty on May 25, 1924. Velma Kelly is based on Gaertner, who was a cabaret singer, and society divorcée. The body of Walter Law was discovered slumped over the steering wheel of Gaertner’s abandoned car on March 12, 1924. Two police officers testified that they had seen a woman getting into the car and shortly thereafter heard gunshots. A bottle of gin and an automatic pistol were found on the floor of the car. Gaertner was acquitted on June 6, 1924. Lawyers William Scott Stewart and W. W. O’Brien were models for a composite character in Chicago, “Billy Flynn”.
Watkins’ sensational columns documenting these trials proved so popular that she decided to write a play based on them. The show received both popular and critical acclaim and even made it to Broadway in 1926, running for 172 performances. Cecil B. DeMille produced a silent film version, Chicago (1927), starring former Mack Sennett bathing beauty Phyllis Haver as Roxie Hart. It was later remade as Roxie Hart (1942) starring Ginger Rogers; but, in this version, Roxie was accused of murder without having really committed it.
In the 1960s, Gwen Verdon read the play and asked her husband, Bob Fosse, about the possibility of creating a musical adaptation. Fosse approached playwright Watkins numerous times to buy the rights, but she repeatedly declined. In her later years, Watkins had become a born-again Christian and believed her play glamorized a scandalous way of living. However, upon her death in 1969, her estate sold the rights to producer Richard Fryer, Verdon, and Fosse. John Kander and Fred Ebb began work on the musical score, modeling each number on a traditional vaudeville number or a vaudeville performer. This format made explicit the show’s comparison between “justice”, “show-business”, and contemporary society. Ebb and Fosse penned the book of the musical, and Fosse also directed and choreographed.
Act I
In the mid-1920s in Chicago, Velma Kelly is a vaudevillian who murdered both her husband and her sister when she found them in bed together. She welcomes the audience to tonight’s show (“All That Jazz”). Velma eventually is arrested for her crime. Meanwhile, we hear of chorus girl Roxie Hart’s murder of her lover, nightclub regular Fred Casely.
Roxie convinces her husband Amos that the victim was a burglar, and Amos cheerfully takes the blame. Roxie expresses her appreciation of her husband’s thick skull (“Funny Honey”). However, when the police mention the deceased’s name, Amos belatedly puts two and two together. The truth comes out, and Roxie is arrested. She is sent to the women’s block in Cook County Jail, inhabited by Velma and other murderesses (“Cell Block Tango”). The block is presided over by the corrupt Matron “Mama” Morton, whose system of mutual aid (“When You’re Good to Mama”) perfectly suits her clientele. She has helped Velma become the media’s top murder-of-the-week and is acting as a booking agent for Velma’s big return to vaudeville.
Velma is not happy to see Roxie, who is stealing not only her limelight but also her lawyer, Billy Flynn. Roxie tries to convince Amos to pay for Billy Flynn to be her lawyer (“A Tap Dance”). Eagerly awaited by his all-girl clientele, Billy sings his anthem, complete with a chorus of fan dancers (“All I Care About is Love”). Billy takes Roxie’s case and re-arranges her story for consumption by sympathetic tabloid columnist Mary Sunshine (“A Little Bit of Good”). Roxie’s press conference turns into a ventriloquist act with Billy dictating a new version of the truth (“We Both Reached for the Gun”) to the press while Roxie mouths the words.
Roxie becomes the new toast of Chicago and she proclaims quite boastfully while planning for her future career in vaudeville (“Roxie”). As Roxie’s fame grows, Velma’s notoriety is left in the dust and in an “act of pure desperation”, she tries to talk Roxie into recreating the sister act (“I Can’t Do It Alone”), but Roxie turns her down, only to find her own headlines replaced by the latest sordid crime of passion (“Chicago After Midnight”). Separately, Roxie and Velma realize there’s no one they can count on but themselves (“My Own Best Friend”), and the ever-resourceful Roxie decides that being pregnant in prison would put her back on the front page.
Act II
Velma again welcomes the audience with the line “Hello, Suckers,” another reference to Texas Guinan, who commonly greeted her patrons with the same phrase. She informs the audience of Roxie’s continual run of luck (“I Know a Girl”) despite Roxie’s obvious falsehoods (“Me and My Baby”). A little shy on the arithmetic, Amos proudly claims paternity, and still nobody notices him (“Mr. Cellophane”). Velma tries to show Billy all the tricks she’s got planned for her trial (“When Velma Takes The Stand”). With her ego growing, Roxie has a heated argument with Billy, and fires him. She is brought back down to earth when she learns that a fellow inmate has been executed.
The trial date arrives, and Billy calms her, telling her if she makes a show of it, she’ll be fine (“Razzle Dazzle”), but when he passes all Velma’s ideas on to Roxie, she uses each one, down to the rhinestone shoe buckles, to the dismay of Mama and Velma (“Class”). As promised, Billy gets Roxie her acquittal but, just as the verdict is announced, some even more sensational crime pulls the pack of press bloodhounds away, and Roxie’s fleeting celebrity life is over. Billy leaves, done with the case. Amos stays with her, glad for his wife, but she then confesses that there isn’t really a baby, making Amos finally leave her. Left in the dust, Roxie pulls herself up and extols the joys of life (“Nowadays”). She teams up with Velma in a new act, in which they dance and perform (“Hot Honey Rag”) until they are joined by the entire company (“Finale”).
Musical numbers
1975 Original Broadway Production
“Chicago: A Musical Vaudeville”
Act 1
“Overture” – Orchestra
“All That Jazz” – Velma Kelly and Company
“Funny Honey” – Roxie Hart, Amos Hart, Sergeant Fogarty
“Cell Block Tango” – Velma and the Girls
“When You’re Good to Mama” – Matron “Mama” Morton
“Tap Dance” – Roxie, Amos, and Boys
“All I Care About” – Billy Flynn and the Girls
“A Little Bit of Good” – Mary Sunshine
“We Both Reached for the Gun” – Billy, Roxie, Mary Sunshine
“Roxie” – Roxie and Boys
“I Can’t Do It Alone” – Velma
“Chicago After Midnight” – Orchestra
“My Own Best Friend” – Roxie and Velma
Act 2
“I Know a Girl” – Velma
“Me and My Baby” – Roxie and Company
“Mr. Cellophane” – Amos Hart
“When Velma Takes the Stand” – Velma and Boys
“Razzle Dazzle” – Billy and Company
“Class” – Velma and Morton
“Nowadays” – Roxie
Finale: “Nowadays”/”R.S.V.P”/”Keep It Hot” – Roxie and Velma †
1996 Revival Production
“Chicago: The Musical”
Act 1
“Overture” – Orchestra
“All That Jazz” – Velma Kelly and Company
“Funny Honey” – Roxie Hart
“Cell Block Tango” – Velma and the Murderesses
“When You’re Good to Mama” – Matron “Mama” Morton
“Tap Dance” – Roxie, Amos, and Boys
“All I Care About” – Billy Flynn and the Girls
“A Little Bit of Good” – Mary Sunshine
“We Both Reached for the Gun” – Billy, Roxie, Mary and the Reporters
“Roxie” – Roxie and the Boys
“I Can’t Do It Alone” – Velma
“I Can’t Do It Alone (Reprise)” – Velma
“Chicago After Midnight” – Orchestra
“My Own Best Friend” – Roxie and Velma
“Finale Act I: All That Jazz (Reprise)” – Velma
Act 2
“Entr’acte” – Orchestra
“I Know a Girl” – Velma
“Me and My Baby” – Roxie and Company
“Mr. Cellophane” – Amos Hart
“When Velma Takes the Stand” – Velma and the Boys
“Razzle Dazzle” – Billy and Company
“Class” – Velma and Mama Morton
“Nowadays/Hot Honey Rag” – Velma and Roxie
“Finale Act II: All That Jazz (Reprise)” – Company
† In the 1975 Original Broadway Production and its Playbill, there are a few contradicting song lists. Songs such as “R.S.V.P” and “Keep It Hot” which were instrumental pieces in the “Finale” were removed from the licensable music, but were included in original production and script. Other songs such as “Ten Percent” sung by a deleted character who was Velma’s agent, and “No” sung by Roxie and Boys were cut soon into the production and only appear on demo recordings and in the original Playbill, but are not in the original script. Other cut songs from the show were “Rose Colored Glasses” a different version of “We Both Reached for the Gun”, “Pansy Eyes”, and “Loopin’ the Loop.